Fig. 4

Procrustes analysis of the association between ARG and taxonomic composition. Samples from the same animals are connected by a line, with hollow and filled points representing samples positioned by bacterial and ARG composition, respectively. In the canine data, red and blue circles represent samples with HPLC (a) and LPHC (b) diets, respectively, whereas grey triangles represent the baseline diet (a and b). In the feline data (c), red circles represent samples with HPLC diet, and grey triangles represent samples with MPMC diet. Taxonomic composition was assessed at the genus level. In both canine (a and b) and feline (c) data, there were statistically significant associations between ARG and taxonomic composition (all p < 0.001, procrustean randomization test), suggesting that gut bacteria and ARGs have similar clustering patterns